Lesson 74

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• dhaatu-paaTham

Home Work:

• Write the dhaatu rUpa-s in laT lakaara for 4 dhaatu-s of your choice

Topic Details:

paaNini has defined each and every single rule in a beautiful suutra form in his 'aShTaadhyaayI' in 8 chapters.  He has also told them in such brevity that it is just impossible to find a redundant syllable!!  In fact, it is a famous saying among the grammarians as -

"अर्धमात्रा लाघवेण पुत्रोत्सवं मन्यन्ते वैय्याकरणाः"!
If they are able to skip even half a syllable, the grammarians celebrate as if a son was born in the family :).

He is so brief with his words that it is said, the very first suutra वृद्दिरादैच् (vRuddiraadaich) also serves as the mangaLam verse for his text!   (Apart from being the suutra for vRuddhi sandhi, it also means - in the very beginning, may there be progress.)

Let's learn more about verbs now.  Verbs are called 'kriyaapadam'-s.  The root words for the kriyaapada-s are called 'dhaatu'-s.  In samskRutam, there are about 2000 of them!  Those 2000 dhaatus are classified into 10 gaNa-s.  They can be remembered easily with this verse -

भ्वाद्यदादी जुहोत्यादि दिवादि स्वादिरेव च ।
तुदादिश्च रूधादिश्च तनादि क्री-चुरादयः ॥
bhvaadyadaadI juhotyaadi divaadi svaadireva cha |
tudaadishcha rUdhaadishcha tanaadi krI-churaadayaH ||

भ्वादि, दिवादि, तुदादि, अदादि, जुहोत्यादि, स्वादि, रुधादि, तनादि, क्री-आदि, चरादि gaNa-s

These dhaatu-s can be declined in many different tenses.  In English, there are 3 tenses only.  But in samsKrutam, tenses referred as लकार-s (lakaara-s), are 10 in number!  An easy verse form to remember them -

लट् वर्तमाने लेट् वेदे भूते लुङ् लङ् लिटस्तथा ।
विध्याशिषौ लिङ्लोटौ लुट् लृट् लृङ् च भविष्यतः ॥

There are variations in the past, present and future tenses as we know.  Based on the timing of the event in the past, there can be variations.  Near past where one was a witness, near past but one isn't a witness, distant past beyond one's lifetime even - such are the different past tenses.  Similarly, for future too!

'रूप चन्दिर्का' is a good reference book for the different dhaatu forms.

Will look into more details in the lessons further.

Until then, happy practicing.

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - om pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

____________________________________________________

padam

padam (पदम्) - word

What is a word?

     * सुप्‌तिङ्गन्तं पदम् -  patan~jali  

        That which ends with a sup or ti~ng pratyaya is a word

That which ends with a 

• सुप् प्रत्यय is a सुबन्त.  Any noun would be called a सुबन्त.  They are obtained by adding सुप् pratyaya-s to a प्रातिपदिकम्-s.  They will have 7+1 vibhakti-s(cases) and 3 vachana-s (numbers).  This gives them 24 forms in their shabda rUpa.  There are 3 different linga-s (genders) in सुबन्त-s.
• तिङ्ग् प्रत्यय is a तिङ्गन्त . Any verb would be called a तिङ्गन्त .  They are obtained by adding तिङ्ग् pratyaya-s to a धातु.  The verbs have 3 puruSha-s (persons) and 3 vachana-s (numbers).  There are 10 different kinds of लकार-s (tenses).  Also, there are two different types धातु categories - आत्मनेपद and परस्मैपद.

The 7+1 vibhakti-s (cases) are - 

• प्रथमा
• सम्बोधना प्रथमा
• द्वितीया
• तृतिया
• चतुर्थी
• पञ्चमी
• षष्टी
• सप्तमी 

The 3 vachana-s (numbers) are - 

• एकवचनम् (singular)
• द्विवचनम् (dual)
• बहुवचनम् (plural)

The 3 puruSha-s (persons) are -

• प्रथम पुरुष (Third person in English grammar)
• मध्यम पुरुष (Second person in English grammar)
• उत्तम पुरुष (First person in English grammar)

The 10 lakaara-s (tenses)

1.   6 of them are कालवाचक-s (indicate tenses)

• लट् - वर्तमानः (present) -  भवति
• लङ् - अनद्यतनभूतः (past imperfect) - अभवत्
• लुङ् - भूतः (past) - अभूत्
• लिट् - परोक्षभूतः (past perfect) - बभूव
• लुट् - अनद्यतनभविष्यत् (first future) - भविता
• लृट् - भविष्यत् (second future) - भविष्यति 

2.   4 of them are प्रकार-बोधक-s (indicate moods)

• लोट् - आज्ञा (imperative) - भवतु
• विधिलिङ् (potential) - विधिः - भवेत्
• लाशीर्लिङ् - आशीः (benediction) - भूयात्
• लृङ् - सङ्केतः (conditional) - अभविष्यत् 

(There is one more lakaara called the लेट् that is used mainly in the vedic literature.  Hence it is not accounted in the above 10 lakaara-s that are in usage.)

An easy verse form to remember them -

लट् वर्तमाने लेट् वेदे भूते लुङ् लङ् लिटस्तथा ।

विध्याशिषौ लिङ्लोटौ लुट् लृट् लृङ् च भविष्यतः ॥

A few other rules regarding words and their usage -

     * अपदं न प्रयुञ्जेत  -  patan~jali  

        Do not use that which is not a word

     * प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्यय लक्षणम्  - paaNini  

         In the absence of pratyaya, the characteristics of pratyaya apply

Verbs list

क्रियापदम् (kriyaapadam) - Verbs
Third person; Singular			Meaning
पठति	paThati	->	reads
लिखति	likhati	->	writes
वदति	vadati	->	speaks/says
गच्छति	gachChati	->	goes
आगच्छति	aagachChati	->	comes
फलति	phalati	->	bears fruit
पतति	patati	->	falls (down)
पिबति	pibati	->	drinks
खादति	khaadati	->	eats
विकसति	vikasati	->	blooms
तिष्ठति	tiShThati	->	stands
उपविशति	upavishati	->	sits
भवति	bhavati	->	be
अटति	aTati	->	wanders
गायति	gaayati	->	sings
चरति	charati	->	moves/grazes
चलति	chalati	->	moves
जयति	jayati	->	conquers
जपति	japati	->	chants
म्लयति	mlayati	->	withers
Second person; Singular			Meaning
पठसि	paThasi	->	read
लिखसि	likhasi	->	write
वदसि	vadasi	->	speak/say
गच्छसि	gachChasi	->	go
आगच्छसि	aagachChasi	->	come
फलसि	phalasi	->	bear fruit
पतसि	patasi	->	fall (down)
पिबसि	pibasi	->	drink
खादसि	khaadasi	->	eat
विकससि	vikasasi	->	bloom
तिष्ठसि	tiShThasi	->	stand
उपविशसि	upavishasi	->	sit
भवसि	bhavasi	->	be
अटसि	aTasi	->	wander
गायसि	gaayasi	->	sing
चरसि	charasi	->	move/graze
चलसि	chalasi	->	move
जयसि	jayasi	->	conquer
जपसि	japasi	->	chant
म्लयसि	mlayasi	->	wither
First person; Singular			Meaning
पठामि	paThaami	->	read
लिखामि	likhaami	->	write
वदामि	vadaami	->	speak/say
गच्छामि	gachChaami	->	go
आगच्छामि	aagachChaami	->	come
फलामि	phalaami	->	bear fruit
पतामि	pataami	->	fall (down)
पिबामि	pibaami	->	drink
खादामि	khaadaami	->	eat
विकसामि	vikasaami	->	bloom
तिष्ठामि	tiShThaami	->	stand
उपविशामि	upavishaami	->	sit
भवामि	bhavaami	->	be
अटामि	aTaami	->	wander
गायामि	gaayaami	->	sing
चरामि	charaami	->	move/graze
चलामि	chalaami	->	move
जयामि	jayaami	->	conquer
जपामि	japaami	->	chant
म्लयामि	mlayaami	->	wither