Lesson 73

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• Extension of the vibhakti knowledge

Home Work:

• Identify the vibhakti-s and the meaning of the two verses given below (no peeking at the answer key :).

Topic Details:

To make further learning easier, it is essential to have a firm grip over vibhakti viShaya.  Else, depicting the meaning of verses, will have no meaning :).

Click here for raama shabda

Learning the raama shabda will make case analysis much easier!  The below table will aid in better understanding of the pratyaya-s (suffixes) that get added on to the praatipadikam (the root word), in order to get the vibhakti-s (words with case incorporated in them).

Click here for the pratyaya chart, as well as their rough English/Kannada equivalents :)

All vibhakti-s can have a direct association with the verb in the sentence, except the 6th case.  The 6th case refers to a praatipadikam in some other case!  Example sentence -

रामः ओदनं पात्रेण पुत्राय स्नेहात् गृहे ददाति।

raamaH odanaM paatreNa putraaya snehaat gRuhe dadaati| 

1st case - रामः = raama --> Subject

2nd case - ओदनं = rice --> Object

3rd case - पात्रेण = with a vessel --> Instrumental

4th case - पुत्राय = for the son --> Dative

5th case - स्नेहात् = from (out of) love --> Ablative

7th case - गृहे = in the house --> Locative

ददाति = gives --> Verb

6th case can never be associated to the verb directly.  It would refer to a noun in a different vibhakti.  For example, it could be -
लक्ष्मणस्य गृहे - in lakShmaNa's house
भरतस्य पुत्राय - for bharata's son
शतृघ्नस्य पात्रेण - with shatRughna's vessel

6th case is Genetive, it show's belonging-ness.  

Sambodhanaa. 1st case is Vocative.  It is used to address the subject.

Below are two verses that use ALL the vibhakti-s in their ekavachana form!

1. 

रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते रामं रमेशं भजे 

रामेण अभिहता निशाचरचमूः रामाय तस्मै नमः ।

रामात् नास्ति परायणं परतरं रामस्य दासोऽस्म्यहम् 

रामे चित्तलयः सदा भवतु मे भो राम मामुद्धर ॥

raamo raajamaNiH sadaa vijayate raamaM rameshaM bhaje 

raameNa abhihataa nishaacharachamUH raamaaya tasmai namaH |

raamaat naasti paraayaNaM parataraM raamasya daaso.smyaham 

raame chittalayaH sadaa bhavatu me bho raama maamuddhara ||

2.

कृष्णो रक्षतु नो जगत्रयगुरुः कृष्णं नमस्याम्यहम् 

कृष्णेन अमर-शत्रवो विनिहताः कृष्णाय तस्मै नमः । 

कृष्णात् एव समुत्थितं जगदिदं कृष्णस्य दासोऽस्म्यहम् 

कृष्णे तिष्ठति सर्वमेतदखिलं हे कृष्ण रक्षस्व माम् ॥

kRuShNo rakShatu no jagatrayaguruH kRuShNaM namasyaamyaham 

kRuShNena amara-shatravo vinihataaH kRuShNaaya tasmai namaH | 

kRuShNaat eva samutthitaM jagadidaM kRuShNasya daaso.smyaham 

kRuShNe tiShThati sarvametadakhilaM he kRuShNa rakShasva maam ||

Answer key:
1.
Victory to raama, the best of the kings.  I worship raama, the Lord of sItaa.  Armies of the demons were killed by raama.  Salutations to the raama.  There is no better resort than raama.  I am a servant of raama.  May my mind be absorbed in raama.  Oh! raama, protect me.

2.
May kRuShNa, the teacher of the three worlds protect us.  I salute kRuShNa.  the demons who are enemies of Gods are killed by kRuShNa.  Salutations to that kRuShNa.  This world has sprung from kRuShNa alone.  I am the servant of kRuShNa.  All this entirely stayes in kRuShNa.  Oh! kRuShNa, save me!

Until next lesson, happy practicing.

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - om pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

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Lesson 72

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• Types of samaasa-s

Home Work:

• Practice a few variations of samaasa-s

Topic Details:

Learning the meanings of these technical terms involving the samaasa-s will make learning easier -

समस्त पदम् - full word - after the samaasa kriyaa is made
विग्रह वाक्यम् - broken sentence - the way a samaasa is split
पूर्वपदम् - the word that appears first in the vigraha vaakya
उत्तरपदम् - the word that appears afterwards in the vigraha vaakya

The different variations in the samaasa-s can be charted out as below -

समासः

   1. केवलसमासः

   2. विशेषसमासः

·        तत्पुरुषः (उत्तरपदप्रधानः - uttarapada is predominant)  

§  सामान्यः (7)

§  कर्मधारयः (9)

§  द्विगुः (3)

§  नञ्प्रभृतयः (5)

·        बहुव्रीहिः (अन्यपदार्थप्रधानः - meaning of some other word is vital)

§  सामान्यः (6)

§  विशेषः (9)

·        द्वन्द्वः (उभयपदप्रधानः - both puurva and uttara pada-s are important)

§  इतरेतरः (2)

§  समाहारः (2)

·        अव्ययीभावः (33) (पूर्वपदप्रधानः - puurva pada is crucial) (also, this involves अस्वपदविग्रह, meaning, the vigraha vaakya will have a word that is not part of the samastapadam.) 

There is a beautiful verse that is a play of words using the samaasa variations.  This clearly shows that the meanings of the samaasa pada changes as per context!

अहं च त्वं च राजेन्द्र लोकनाथावुभावपि ।

बहुव्रीहिरहं राजन् षष्ठीतत्पुरुषो भवान् ॥

ahaM cha tvaM cha raajendra lokanaathaavubhaavapi|

bahuvrIhirahaM raajan ShaShThItatpuruSho bhavaan ||

After splitting the composite words (sandhis), it could be read as -

अहं च त्वं च राजेन्द्र लोकनाथौ उभौ अपि ।

बहुव्रीहिः अहं राजन् षष्ठीतत्पुरुषो भवान् ॥

ahaM cha tvaM cha raajendra lokanaathau ubhau api|

bahuvrIhiH ahaM raajan ShaShThItatpuruSho bhavaan || 

It means, 

Oh king, you and I are both 'lokanaatha'-s.  I am rich man, you are only a 6th person!!

How could this be?!  This is a play of words.  Generally, a king is referred as a 'lokanaatha', meaning, guardian, protector, supreme power, etc.  But here, a beggar is addressing the king as thus - 'Oh king, you and I are both lokanaatha-s!'  I am a rich person (one who has lots of dhaanyam - bahu vrIhi (lots of rice)) and you are just a 6th person'!!  How is that justified?  

Well, it can be done only in samskRutam!  The word lokanaatha can be split in 2 different ways in 2 different samaasa-s (sorry, no equivalent to this in English and not to be confused with 'samosa' ;).  It is a way of giving derivations of words as per different rules!

So, in a samaasa called ShaShTI-tatpuruSha, it is derived as

लोकस्य नाथः 

lokasya naathaH 

meaning, lord of the world.  Okay, that makes sense.  

But how can a beggar call himself lokanaatha?

Well, in bhahuvrIhi samaasa, it is derived as

लोकः नाथः यस्य सः 

lokaH naathaH yasya saH

means - he whose Lord is the world!  To expand further, it means the beggar accepts the superiority of the entire world over him, as he survives on the mercy of other beings in the world!! 

The word बहुव्रीहि means one who has lots of rice (prosperous), as well as refers to the name of the samaasa!

Likewise, षष्ठीतत्पुरुष means 6th person, as well as 6th case (as in vibhakti)!

Now, the other meaning of the verse would be - 

O king, you and I are both 'lokanaatha's.  Me as per bahuvrIhi samaasa (i.e., I am under the mercy of the world), you as per ShaShThI-tatpuruSha (i.e., you are the Lord of the world)!

Although a beggar, he sure seems to have a pretty good grasp of samskRutam grammar!  Such play of words would otherwise, be impossible!!  He certainly appeased and convinced the king of his statement :).

:)

Happy practicing!

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - om pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

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Lesson 71

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• Introduction to samaasa prakaraNam

Home Work:

• Identify 5 words/samaasa-s in any of the verses you already know

Topic Details:

In samskRutam, especially in shlokas, to fit the message within the meter, it is easier to use conjoined compound words.  The specialty of these kinds of words in the language is that, many many words can be compounded together, two at a time(most of the time)!  Confused?!  These below dos and don'ts about samaasa-s will help alleviate the confusion .

• समसनं समासः। अनेकस्य पदस्य एकपदीभवनं समासः इत्यर्थः। (Conjoining itself is samaasa. The unification of many words into one (housing many words in one word) is called samaasa.) 

                        Ex -  सीतायाः पतिः =  सीतापतिः

• समासः सुबन्तानां भवति, न तु तिङन्तानाम्। (Samasa happen with nouns and adjectives (subanta) only, not verbs)  (avyaya-s are treated as subanta-s)

• समासः युगपत् द्वयोः द्वयोः सुबन्तयोः भवति। द्वन्द्वे तु युगपत् बहूनामपि। (Samaasa happens by putting together two two subanta-s at a time.  Only in dvandva samaasa, many words can come together.)

                         Ex -    रामपुत्रागमनम्
                                    रामस्य पुत्रः  =  रामपुत्रः
                            रामपुत्रस्य आगमनम्   =  रामपुत्रागमनम्
                         Ex -    रामलक्ष्मणभरतशत्रुघ्नाः
                                    रामः च लक्ष्मणः च भरतः च शत्रुघ्नः च  =   रामलक्ष्मणभरतशत्रुघ्नाः

• परस्परान्वितयोः सुबन्तयोः समासः भवति।  (Samaasa happens only when there is a mutual relationship between the subanta-s.)

                         Ex -  रामस्य पुत्रः रामपुत्रः। अत्र द्वयोः परस्परान्वयः अस्ति।  भवति आगमनं रामस्य ,  पुत्रः  रमेशस्य उत्तिष्ठति। अत्र रामस्य आगमने अन्वयः। पुत्रस्य रमेशे अन्वयः। अत्र रामशब्दस्य पुत्रशब्दस्य च परस्परान्वयाभावात् रामपुत्रः इति समासः न भवति।

• समासे पूर्वत्र श्रूयमाणम् पदं पूर्वपदमिति उत्तरत्र श्रूयमाणं पदम् उत्तरपदमिति च व्यवह्रियते।  (Calling word that is heard first as 'puurvapadam' and the word heard later as 'uttarapadam', is in vogue.)

                         Ex -  चोरात्  भयम्   =  चोरभयम् । अत्र “चोर” इति पूर्वपदम्। “भयम्” इति उत्तरपदम्।

• समासे जाते पूर्वपदम् उत्तरपदं च प्रातिपदिकरूपेण स्थितं भवति। ततः समस्तात् पदात् विभक्तिः योजनीया।  (When a samaasa is generated, both the puurvapadam and uttarapadam are put in the praatipadika form.  For usage of the word, the vibhakti is added to that whole word.)

                          Ex -  रामपुत्रः  =  रामस्य  पुत्रः  =  (राम + ङस्) + (पुत्र + सु)
                                                 =  (राम + पुत्र) + सु
                                                 =  रामपुत्र + सु  =  रामपुत्रः

                                   Now the word रामपुत्रः can be used in any vibhakti as a whole word, as per requirement.

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - om pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

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