Lesson 23

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• 1st and 2nd case revision
• Introduction to avyaya-s (indeclinables)
• tumun-anta-avyaya

Home Work:

• Make 5 sentences using  tumun-anta-avyaya

Topic Details:

While brushing up the 1st and 2nd cases, now would be a good time to introduce a type of words called avyaya-s.  There are many types of avyaya-s, each for a different use and purpose.  But all these avyaya-s are indeclinable.  That means, they DO NOT change or alter with any gender, case or number.

Let us see in more detail, one such type of avyaya.  It is called 'tumun-anta-avyaya'.  It is called so because it is obtained by adding tumun-pratyaya to a verb.  The words formed thus, would be as below and their meanings would be as shown.

पठति	paThati	-	पठितुम्	paThitum	to read
लिखति	likhati	-	लेखितुम्	lekhitum	to write
वदति	vadati	-	वक्तुम्	vaktum	to say
गच्छति	gachChati	-	गन्तुम्	gantum	to go
आगच्छति	aagachChati	-	आगन्तुम्	aagantum	to come
फलति	phalati	-	फलितुम्	phalitum	to bear fruit
पतति	patati	-	पतितुम्	patitum	to fall
पिबति	pibati	-	पातुम्	paatum	to drink
खादति	khaadati	-	खादितुम्	khaaditum	to eat
विकसति	vikasati	-	विकसितुम्	vikasitum	to bloom
तिष्ठति	tiShThati	-	स्थातुम्	sthaatum	to stay
अटति	aTati	-	अटितुम्	aTitum	to roam
चलति	chalati	-	चलितुम्	chalitum	to move
जयति	jayati	-	जेतुम्	jetum	to win
नयति	nayati	-	नेतुम्	netum	to carry/lead
श्रुणोति	shruNoti	-	श्रोतुम्	shrotum	to hear
पृच्छति	pRuchChati	-	प्रष्टुम्	praShTum	to ask
पश्यति	pashyati	-	द्रष्टुम्	draShTum	to see
ददाति	dadaati	-	दातुम्	daatum	to give
करोति	karoti	-	कर्तुम्	kartum	to do

We shall see more examples as we go along and learn other types of avyaya-s parallel to the cases.

Until next lesson, happy practicing.

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - aum pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

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Lesson 22

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• Revision of 6th and 7th cases
• Introduction to 1st and 2nd cases in all 3 genders

Home Work:

• Write the 'prakRuti padam' of 10 (3-4 in each gender) new vocabulary words and write their respective 1st and 2nd cases.   

Topic Details:

Revisit the 7th and 6th case words and ascertain their forms and usages.

As seen earlier, all nouns have a 'prakRuti padam', from which all cases are generated.  The ending of the prakRuti pada is what decides the gender and ending (akaaraanta, aakaaraanta, ikaaraanta, etc.) of the nouns.

The 1st case of the word, makes the noun a subject.  For example,
राम (raama) becomes रामः (raamaH),
लता (lataa) becomes (stays) लता (lataa),
वन (vana) becomes वनम् (vanam).

When these words are used in their 1st case forms like this, their usage in the sentence would be as a subject.

When raama is the subject of the sentence, as in - raama does the work, one would use the 1st case.  Hence the sentence would be, रामः कार्यं करोति। (raamaH kaaryam karoti.)  Same holds good for the other genders as well.

When the noun is used in the 2nd case, then it becomes the object.   In this case, all the 3 genders under go the same kind of transformation to the prakRuti padam.  They all change as below -

राम (raama) becomes रामम् (raamam),
लता (lataa) becomes लताम् (lataam)
वन (vana) becomes वनम् (vanam)

Important note:  Notice that vanam changed the same way in both 1st and 2nd case!  The neuter gender nouns assume the same forms in both 1st and 2nd cases.  The meaning of the word in a sentence is deduced based on the context it is being used, whether it is the subject or the object!

We shall deal both these cases in more detail in the next lesson.


Until then, happy practicing.

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - aum pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

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Lesson 21

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• Understanding 6th case in all 3 genders in shloka-s and subhaaShita-s
• Decoding a verse based on the current knowledge of 6th and 7th case vibhakti-s

Home Work:

• Make 5 of your own sentences using both 6th and 7th case.

Topic Details:

Let's understand a subhaaShita which has a good usage of both 6th and 7th cases.  The verse goes like this -

तक्षकस्य विषं दन्ते मक्षिकायाश्च मस्तके
वृश्चिकस्य विषं पुच्छे सर्वाङ्गे दुर्जनस्य च
-चाणक्य नीति
takShakasya viShaM dante makShikaayaashcha mastake
vRushchikasya viShaM puchChe sarvaange durjanasya cha
- chaaNakya nIti


To understand the meaning, let's break down the verse into its words individually.  That will give a better understanding of the verse itself.


takshakasya - of the snake (6th case)
visham - poison (1st case)
dante - in the teeth (7th case)
makShikaayaaH - of the bee (6th case)
mastake - in the head (7th case)
vRushchikasya - of the scorpion (6th case)
puchChe - in the tail (7th case)
sarvange - in all organs (7th case)
durjanasya - of the evil doer (6th case)
cha - and/also


Based on these meanings, the verse translates to -

A snake has poison in its teeth, a bee in its head, a scorpion has poison in its tail whereas durjana (evil doer) has poison in all parts of his body.

Will start a new vibhakti in the next lesson.  

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - aum pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

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