visarga sandhi (विसर्ग सन्धि)
There are 4 + 1 types of visarga sandhi-s
a) visarga becomes उकार
When the first word ends with अः and the second words starts with a soft consonant (the last 3 vargIya vyanjanas of all 5 vargas) or अ, the visarga becomes उ. Together, अ + उ = ओ. It will be more clear from the examples below -
अधः + गतिः
अ + : + ग
ओ + ग
= अधोगतिः
b) visarga becomes लोप
: disappears (लोप)
अश्वा आगच्छन्ति
गजाः गताः
: disappears (लोप)
गजा गताः
: disappears (लोप)
कुत आगतः
: disappears (लोप)
भो नमस्ते
There are 4 + 1 types of visarga sandhi-s
a) visarga becomes उकार
When the first word ends with अः and the second words starts with a soft consonant (the last 3 vargIya vyanjanas of all 5 vargas) or अ, the visarga becomes उ. Together, अ + उ = ओ. It will be more clear from the examples below -
अधः + गतिः
अ + : + ग
ओ + ग
= अधोगतिः
शिवः + अहम्
अ + : + अ
ओ + ऽ (avagraha chinham, stands for 'अ')
= शिवोऽहम्
कुतः गतः
अ + : + ग
ओ + ग
ओ + ग
कुतोगतः
- When the first word ends in आः and the second begins with a vowel or soft consonant, the visarga disappears (लोप)
: disappears (लोप)
अश्वा आगच्छन्ति
गजाः गताः
: disappears (लोप)
गजा गताः
- When अः is followed by any vowel other than अ visarga disappears
: disappears (लोप)
कुत आगतः
- When सः, एषः faced with any alphabet except hrasva 'अ, the visarga is dropped
सः इच्छति
: disappears (लोप)स इच्छति
सः कुमारः
: disappears (लोप)स कुमारः
सः वत्सः
: disappears (लोप)स वत्सः
- when भोः is faced with any vowel or soft consonants, the visarga is dropped
भोः शम्भु
: disappears (लोप)भो शम्भु
भोः नमस्ते
भो नमस्ते
c) visarga becomes रेफ
- any visarga other than अः/आः (इः/ईः/उः/ऊः/...../औः) followed by a vowel or soft consonant, becomes a र्
इः + इ
इर् + इ
हरिरियम्
पतिः + आगच्छति
इः + आ
इर् + आ
पतिरागच्छति
- In such a case, if the second word starts with र्, then the previous vowel becomes long
तुः + र
तू + र
भ्रातू रक्षति
d) visarga becomes स/श/ष-कार
- visarga followed by त् /थ् /स् becomes स्
तरुः + तत्र
रुः + त
रुस् + त
तरुस्तत्र
तरुः + साक्षी
रुः + स
रुस् + स
तरुस्साक्षी / तरुः साक्षी (the sandhi is optional for second word beginning with स्)
- च् /छ् /श् becomes श्
रामः + चेत्
मः + च्
मश् + च्
रामश्चेत्
रामः + शेते
मः + श्
मश् + श्
रामश्शेते / रामः शेते (the sandhi is optional for second word beginning with श्)
- ट् /ठ् /ष् becomes ष्
क्लिष्टः + टवर्गः
टः + ट्
टष् + ट्
क्लिष्टष्टवर्गः
पुत्रः + षण्मुखः
रः + ष्
रष् + ष्
पुत्रष्षण्मुखः / पुत्रः षण्मुखः (the sandhi is optional for second word beginning with ष्)
e) visarga followed by क/ख, प/फ, क्ष
- visarga preceding क/ख has to be pronounced as a जिह्वामूलीय (jihvaamUlIya - back of the tongue)
काकः काकः
काकೱ काकः
- visarga preceding प/फ has to be pronounced as a उपद्मानीय (upadmaanIya - breathed at)
पिकः पिकः
पिकೱ पिकः
- visarga preceding क्ष HAS to be pronounced completely as a visarga itself!
सुखः + क्षमी
सुखः, क्षमी
उद्भवः + क्षोभणः
उद्भवः, क्षोभणः
Upadmaanlya??? In Sanskrit u have posted upadniya???
ReplyDeleteNo, it is written correctly. It is pronounced upadmaaneeya (capitalized i stands for long ee)
DeleteYn guna vredhi comes under ----- sandhi
ReplyDeleteShare
Delete.
Thanks for this compilation bhagini!
ReplyDeleteYou are too good and it really help me for explaination
ReplyDeleteGlad you are enjoying:)
Delete
ReplyDeleteSanskrit language, (from Sanskrit: saṃskṛta, “adorned, cultivated, purified”) an Old Indo-Aryan language in which the most ancient documents are the Vedas. Sanskrit Vyakaran is a way to learn sanskrit. Sanskrit Shlokas can touch the soul of any being in the world.
Hari Om Rashmi ji, You had mentioned that 'Two other variation of visarga lopa for later :)'. Have u done so somewhere? Could u share it please.
ReplyDeleteChandru ji, those are not on the blog. Adding it to the blog post here itself :)
DeleteThey are -
1) when सः, एषः faced with any alphabet except hrasva 'अ, the visarga is dropped
2) when भोः is faced with any vowel or soft consonants, the visarga is dropped
Hope that helps. Check out above for examples.