padam (पदम्) - word
What is a word?
* सुप्तिङ्गन्तं पदम् - patan~jali
That which ends with a sup or ti~ng pratyaya is a word
That which ends with a
- सुप् प्रत्यय is a सुबन्त. Any noun would be called a सुबन्त. They are obtained by adding सुप् pratyaya-s to a प्रातिपदिकम्-s. They will have 7+1 vibhakti-s(cases) and 3 vachana-s (numbers). This gives them 24 forms in their shabda rUpa. There are 3 different linga-s (genders) in सुबन्त-s.
- तिङ्ग् प्रत्यय is a तिङ्गन्त . Any verb would be called a तिङ्गन्त . They are obtained by adding तिङ्ग् pratyaya-s to a धातु. The verbs have 3 puruSha-s (persons) and 3 vachana-s (numbers). There are 10 different kinds of लकार-s (tenses). Also, there are two different types धातु categories - आत्मनेपद and परस्मैपद.
The 7+1 vibhakti-s (cases) are -
- प्रथमा
- सम्बोधना प्रथमा
- द्वितीया
- तृतिया
- चतुर्थी
- पञ्चमी
- षष्टी
- सप्तमी
- एकवचनम् (singular)
- द्विवचनम् (dual)
- बहुवचनम् (plural)
- प्रथम पुरुष (Third person in English grammar)
- मध्यम पुरुष (Second person in English grammar)
- उत्तम पुरुष (First person in English grammar)
1. 6 of them are कालवाचक-s (indicate tenses)
- लट् - वर्तमानः (present) - भवति
- लङ् - अनद्यतनभूतः (past imperfect) - अभवत्
- लुङ् - भूतः (past) - अभूत्
- लिट् - परोक्षभूतः (past perfect) - बभूव
- लुट् - अनद्यतनभविष्यत् (first future) - भविता
- लृट् - भविष्यत् (second future) - भविष्यति
- लोट् - आज्ञा (imperative) - भवतु
- विधिलिङ् (potential) - विधिः - भवेत्
- लाशीर्लिङ् - आशीः (benediction) - भूयात्
- लृङ् - सङ्केतः (conditional) - अभविष्यत्
(There is one more lakaara called the लेट् that is used mainly in the vedic literature. Hence it is not accounted in the above 10 lakaara-s that are in usage.)
An easy verse form to remember them -
लट् वर्तमाने लेट् वेदे भूते लुङ् लङ् लिटस्तथा ।
विध्याशिषौ लिङ्लोटौ लुट् लृट् लृङ् च भविष्यतः ॥
A few other rules regarding words and their usage -
* अपदं न प्रयुञ्जेत - patan~jali
Do not use that which is not a word
* प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्यय लक्षणम् - paaNini
In the absence of pratyaya, the characteristics of pratyaya apply
How raama noun is a sup anta.
ReplyDeleteHow we call it as subanta.......?
And give few examples to understand how thinganta is added to wards.
Prashant ji, have somehow missed this comment. Hope you have found answer to you query by now. If not, here's a brief explanation.
Delete'sup' pratyayas are added to get nouns. It is a set of pratyayas starting with 'su' and ending with 'sup'. The 7+1 X 3 table of shabdas (like 'raama shabda') are obtained by adding these pratyayas.
'ti~ng' pratyayas are added to make verbs. They start with 'tip' and end in 'mas'. The 3 x 3 table of verbs (like 'bhavati shabda') are obtained by adding these pratyayas.
This write-up was an introduction to the two different types of words and hence did not go into detail.
Hope that helps.
r+a+m+a= rama ; the word ends with the shabda 'a'. Hence rama is akaarantha.
ReplyDeleteMohan ji, thank you for your reply to the above query. I had missed the notification for it.
Deleteclear and concise summary
ReplyDeleteThank you!
Delete