Lesson 75

Beginning Prayers:

• शुक्लाम्बरधरं विष्णुम् - shuklaambaradharaM viShNum
• सरस्वति नमस्तुभ्यम् - saraswati namastubhyam 
• गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुः - gururbrahmaa gururviShNuH 

Topic Summary:

• more dhaatu paaThaam
• upasarga revision

Home Work:

• Practice any 3 dhaatu-s in la~n lakaara (anadyatana bhUtakaala)

Topic Details:

To add to the dhaatu paaTham, let us see the forms of past tense - anadyatana bhUtakaalam - past, but not recent - लङ् लकार

	एकवचन	द्वीवचन	बहुवचन
प्रथम	अपठत् apaThat	अपठताम् apaThataam	अपठन् apaThan
मध्यम	अपठः apaThaH	अपठतम् apaThatam	अपठत apaThata
उत्तम	अपठम् apaTham	अपठाव apaThaava	अपठाम apaThaama

Getting back to decoding a verse, there are a few steps to follow.

• do the padavigraha as per sandhi rules
• cluster together the words in same vibhakti 
• identify the verb
• arrange the words to deduce the meaning

Let us see this with a simple example -

सुन्दरः बालः विद्यालयं गच्छति चेष्टालुः विशालाक्षः उत्तमम्।
sundaraH baalaH vidyaalayaM gachChati cheShTaaluH vishaalaakShaH uttamam|

In this sentence, by putting together the vibhakti-s, we get -
सुन्दरः विशालाक्षः चेष्टालुः बालः, उत्तमम् विद्यालयं, गच्छति।
sundaraH vishaalaakShaH cheShTaaluH baalaH, gachChati, uttamam vidyaalayaM|
A handsome wide-eyed naughty boy, goes, to the best school.
* The adjectives to a noun will follow the same vibhakti as the noun itself.

Sometimes, the same words can be split in different ways.  The below verse is a great example of how padavigraha can affect the meaning of the same words!

तमाखुपत्रं राजेन्द्र भजमाज्ञानदायकम् ।
तमाखुपत्रं राजेन्द्र भजमाज्ञानदायकम् ॥

tamaakhupatraM raajendra bhajamaaj~naanadaayakam |
tamaakhupatraM raajendra bhajamaaj~naanadaayakam ||

On first sight, it might look like a typo, with the first line repeating itself exactly the second time!  But the below padavigraha helps to understand it better.

तमाखु-पत्रं राजेन्द्र भज मा अज्ञान-दायकम् ।
तम् आखु-पत्रं राजेन्द्र भज मा ज्ञानदायकम् ॥

tamaakhu-patraM raajendra bhaja maa aj~naana-daayakam |
tam aakhu-patraM raajendra bhaja maa j~naanadaayakam ||

The first line would translate as - O king, do not resort to tobacco leaves which gives ignorance.
The second line, with a different order of padavigraha would mean - O king, resort to that gaNesha, the giver of wealth and knowledge!

tamaakhu-patram  -> tobacco leaf
tam-aakhu-patram  -> that mouse vehicled one (that gaNesha)
maa-aj~naadaayakam  -> no (to) ignorance causing
maa j~naadaayakam  -> wealth and knowledge giver

This shows the beauty and versatility of the usage of words in the verse!

The 2000 or so dhaatu-s can be regrouped as अकर्मक, सकर्मक, द्विकर्मक धातु-s.  Based on their meaning,

• अकर्मक - intransitive verbs (an action verb with no direct object) are those that do not directly associate with another object for a given subject - hasati; upaviShati; etc.
• सकर्मक - transitive verbs (an action verb with a direct object) are those that associate with one object for a given subject - gachChati; likhati; paThati; etc.
• द्विकर्मक - ditransitive verbs (verbs that with two objects) are those that associate with two objects for the same subject - vadati; pRuchChati; darshayati; etc.

* Passive voice is a beautiful voice where the object gets more highlight than the subject itself!
Instead of saying - baalakaH vidyaalayaM gachChati,
it gives a nicer touch to say - vidyaalayaH baalena gamyate!

* Revisiting upasarga-s - the prefixes, that are added to verbs.  Click here to see the list of upasarga-s as well as their effect on the dhatu-s.

Until next class, happy practicing.

Ending prayer:

•  ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदम् - om pUrNamadaH pUrNamidam

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